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A drinking horn is the horn of a bovid used as a drinking vessel. Drinking horns are known from Classical Antiquity especially the Balkans, and remained in use for ceremonial purposes throughout the Middle Ages and the Early Modern period in some parts of Europe, notably in Germanic Europe, and in the Caucasus. Drinking horns remain an important accessory in the culture of ritual toasting in Georgia in particular, where they are known as ''khantsi''. Drinking vessels made from glass, wood, ceramics or metal styled in the shape of drinking horns are also known from antiquity. The ancient Greek term for a drinking horn was simply ''keras'' (plural ''kerata'', "horn").〔Henry George Liddell, Robert Scott, ''A Greek-English Lexicon'', s.v. (κέρας ) "III.3 drinking-horn, "ἐκ τοῦ κέρατος αὖ μοι δὸς πιεῖν" Hermippus 43 () "ἐξ ἀργυρέων κεράτων πίνειν" Pindar Fr. 166 () () "ἀργυρηλάτοις κέρασι χρυσᾶ στόμια προσβεβλημένοις" Aeschylus Fr. 185 (); "ἐκπιόντι χρύσεον κέρας" Sophocles Fr. 483 ()".C.f. Pape (1842), s.v. (κέρας ).〕 To be distinguished from the drinking-horn proper is the ''rhyton'' (plural ''rhyta''), a drinking-vessel made in the shape of a horn with an outlet at the pointed end. ==Antiquity== Both in the Greek and the Scythian sphere, vessels of clay or metal shaped like horns were used alongside actual horns from an early time. A Late Archaic (ca. 480 BC) Attic red-figure vase shows Dionysus and a satyr each holding a drinking horn.〔(Kansas City 30.13 ) (ARV2, 249, no. 1), Campania.〕 During Classical Antiquity, the Thracians and Scythians in particular were known for their custom of drinking from horns (archaeologically, the Iron Age "Thraco-Cimmerian" horizon). Xenophon's account of his dealings with the Thracian leader Seuthes suggests that drinking horns were integral part of the drinking ''kata ton Thrakion nomon'' ("after the Thracian fashion"). Diodorus gives an account of a feast prepared by the Getic chief Dromichaites for Lysimachus and selected captives, and the Getians' use of drinking vessels made from horn and wood is explicitly stated. The Scythian elite also used horn-shaped ''rhyta'' made entirely from precious metal. A notable example is the 5th century BC gold-and-silver ''rhython'' in the shape of a Pegasus which was found in 1982 in Ulyap, Adygea, now at the Museum of Oriental Art in Moscow.〔(upenn.edu ), (kemsu.ru )〕 M.I. Maksimova (1956) in an archaeological survey of Scythian drinking horns distinguished two basic types (excluding vessels of clearly foreign origin), a strongly curved type, and a slender type with only slight curvature; the latter type was identified as based on aurochs horns by Maksimova (1956:221). This typology became standard in Soviet-era archaeology.〔a more detailed survey of drinking Scythian drinking horn types was published by E.V. Vlassova, ''Skifskij Rog'', in: S.L. Solov'ev (ed.), ''Antichnoe Prichernomor'e''. Sbornik statej po klassicheskoy arkheologii (2000) 46-67 (= J. Boardman et al. (eds.) ''Northern Pontic Antiquities in the State Hermitage Museum'', Colloquia Pontica 7 (2001) 71-112).〕 There are a few artistic representation of Scythans actually drinking from horns from the rim (rather than from the horn's point as with ''rhyta'').〔Wieland (2013) p. 28 (fn. 18).〕 The oldest remains of drinking horns or ''rhyta'' known from Scythan burials are dated to the 7th century BC, reflecting Scythian contact with oriental culture during their raids of the Assyrian Empire at that time. After these early specimens, there is a gap with only sparse evidence of Scythian drinking horns during the 6th century. Drinking horns re-appear in the context of Pontic burials in the 5th century BC: these are the specimens classified as Scythian drinking horns by Maksimova (1956). The 5th-century BC practice of depositing drinking horns with precious metal fittings as grave goods for deceased warriors appears to originate in the Kuban region.〔Wieland (2013:28–34).〕 In the 4th century BC, the practice spreads throughout the Pontic Steppe. Rhyta, mostly of Achaemenid or Thracian import, continue to be found in Scythian burials, but they are now clearly outnumbered by Scythian drinking horns proper. Around the mid-point of the 4th century BC, a new type of solid silver drinking horn with strong curvature appears. While the slightly curving horn type is found throughout the Pontic Steppe, specimens of the new type have not been found in the Kuban area. The custom of depositing drinking horns as grave goods begins to subside towards the end of the 4th century BC.〔Wieland (2013:35–45).〕 The depiction of drinking horns on kurgan stelae appears to follow a slightly different chronology, with the earliest examples dated to the 6th century BC, and a steep increase in frequency during the 5th, but becoming rare by the 4th century (when actual deposits of drinking horns become most frequent). In the Crimean peninsula, such depictions appear somewhat later, from the 5th century BC, but then more frequently than elsewhere.〔Wieland (2013:47). The high frequency of such depictions in Crimea is contingent on the "Renaissance" of such stelae in general during the 5th and 4th centuries.〕 Scythian drinking horns have been found almost exclusively in warrior burials. This has been taken as strongly suggesting an association of the drinking horn with the Scythian cult of kingship and warrior ethos. In the influential interpretation due to M. I. Rostovtzeff (1913), the Scythian ruler received the drinking horn from a deity as a symbol of his investiture. This interpretation is based on a number of depictions of a Scythian warrior drinking from a horn standing or kneeling next to a seated woman.〔M. I. Rostovtzeff, ''Predstavlenie o monarchicheskoy vlasti v Skifii i na Bospore'', IAK 49, 1913. D.S.Raevsky (VDI 1980 (1) 95 f.) proposed a ceremony of sacred marriage between the Scythian ruler and the highest Scythian goddess, Tabiti. A survey of later interpretations is presented in A. Vinogradov, ''Peterburgskij archeologicheskiy vestnik'' 6, 1993. 〕 Rolle (1980) interpreted the woman not as a goddess but as a high-ranking Scythian woman performing a ritual office.〔R. Rolle in: Festschrift K. Raddatz. ''Beiträge zur Archäologie Nordwestdeutschlands und Mitteleuropas. Materialhefte zur Ur-und Frühgeschichte'' 16 (1980), 290f.〕 Krausse (1996) interpreted the same scenes as depicting a marriage ceremony, with the man drinking from the horn as part of an oath ritual comparable to the scenes of Scythian warriors jointly drinking from a horn in an oath of blood brotherhood.〔D. Krausse, ''Hochdorf III. Das Trink- und Speiseservice aus dem späthallstattzeitlichen Fürstengrab von Eberdingen-Hochdorf (Kr. Ludwigsburg)'' (1996), 121. See also: Caspar Meyer, ''Greco-Scythian Art and the Birth of Eurasia: From Classical Antiquity to Russian Modernity'', OUP (2013), (246 (fig. 98b) ) "Gold relief appliqué showing two Scythians drinking from one drinking horn. From Kul-Oba (Inventory 2, K.12h). Rostoftzeff identified the scene with the Scythain sacred oath described in Herodotus 4.70. Fourth century BC. 5 × 3.7 cm, 28.35 gr." (c.f. , (Scythian gold statuette depicting the ritual of brotherhood, "Internet Encyclopedia of Ukraine" )). Both the "blood brotherhood" and the "seated woman" scene are shown on the 4th-century BC gold diadem from Sakhanovka kurgan, Sakhanovka (Sakhanivka), Korsun-Shevchenkivskyi Raion, Cherkasy Oblast. Christian Ellinghaus, ''Das Goddiadem aus dem Sachnovka-Kurgan: Ex oriente lux?'' Zur graeco-skythischen Kunst. Archäologisches Kolloquium Münster, 24.-26. November 1995, Münster : Ugarit-Verlag (1997). Caspar Meyer, ''Greco-Scythian Art and the Birth of Eurasia: From Classical Antiquity to Russian Modernity'', OUP (2013), (294 (fig.120) ) "Gold sheet diadem with relief decoration from Sakhanovka Kurgan 2, Cherkasy region, Ukraine. 350–300 BC. Length 36.5, height 9.8 cm, 64.58 gr. Kiev, Museum of Historical Treasures."〕 The Scythian drinking horns are clearly associated with the consumption of wine.〔based on finds of horns in the context of other wine-related implements, e.g. in Kurgan nr. 13 in Velikaja Znamenka, with a kyathos (dipper), a strainer and a deposit of fourteen wine amphorae. See Wieland (2013:46).〕 The drinking horn reached Central Europe with the Iron Age, in the wider context of "Thraco-Cimmerian" cultural transmission. A number of early Celtic (Hallstatt culture) specimens are known, notably the remains of a huge gold-banded horn found at the Hochdorf burial. Krauße (1996) examines the spread of the "fashion" of drinking horns (''Trinkhornmode'') in prehistoric Europe, assuming it reached the eastern Balkans from Scythia around 500 BC. It is more difficult to assess the role of plain animal horns as everyday drinking vessels, because these decay without a trace, while the metal fittings of the ceremonial drinking horns of the elite are preserved archaeologically.〔Gocha R. Tsetskhladze (ed.), ''Ancient Greeks West and East'', 1999, ISBN 978-90-04-11190-5, pp. 416ff.〕 Julius Caesar has a description of Gaulish use of aurochs drinking horns (''cornu urii'') in ''De bello gallico'' 6.28: :''„Amplitudo cornuum et figura et species multum a nostrorum boum cornibus differt. Haec studiose conquisita ab labris argento circumcludunt atque in amplissimis epulis pro poculis utuntur.“'' :"The () horns in size, shape, and kind are very different from those of our cattle. They are much sought-after, their rim fitted with silver, and they are used at great feasts as drinking vessels." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「drinking horn」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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